Fig. 3
From: Differences between CS-DAVF and TCCF——to reveal and redefine CS-DAVF
The DSA and clinical symptoms before and after the embolization of right ICA cavernous sinus fistula. a Right carotid cavernous sinus; Arrow shows misembolization of internal carotid artery in other hospitals. b Arrow shows angiography of left internal carotid artery: right cavernous sinus fistula is opacified through anterior communicating artery. c Angiography of left internal carotid artery, right cavernous sinus is opacified through ACA. Arrow shows dilated draining of superior ophthalmic vein. d Directly puncture to the fistulous orifice through superior ophthalmic vein and inject the NBCA to occlude the fistula. Arrow shows the catheter. e Angiography of left internal carotid artery after embolization. The right cavernous sinus fistula is not opacified. Arrow shows the fistulous orifice is occluded. f Angiography of left internal carotid artery after embolization. The right cavernous sinus fistula is not opacified. Arrow shows superior ophthalmic vein is vanished. g The ophthalmic symptoms before embolization. h The ophthalmic symptoms are gone 2 weeks after embolization. i. Follow-up 5 years after embolization