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Table 2 Deviation assessment of robotic-assisted screw placement compared to pre-operative planned trajectory

From: Pedicle screw accuracy assessment in ExcelsiusGPS® robotic spine surgery: evaluation of deviation from pre-planned trajectory

 

Tip distance (mm)

Tail distance (mm)

Angular offset (degrees)

Case 1

 Left L4

0.9

2.4

2.3

 Right L4

1.9

3.1

3.8

 Left L5

0.8

3.1

2.9

 Right L5

1.6

3.8

3.0

Case 2

 Left L4

5.2

5.4

1.8

 Right L4

1.5

0.9

0.7

 Left L5

2.9

2.9

1.8

 Right L5

2.1

3.8

2.8

Average

2.1 mm

3.2 mm

2.4 degrees