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Table 1 Comparison among nTMS, DES, and fMRI

From: Current status and potential application of navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurosurgery: a literature review

 

nTMS

DES

fMRI

Safety issue

Safe, noninvasive

Invasive

Safe, noninvasive

Accuracy

High accuracy

Gold standard for mapping of motor and language

Accuracy is affected by patient’s cooperation

Less reliable for motor mapping in patients with brain tumor

Maneuverability

Simple

Do not need patient’s cooperation

Complex

Require complex post-processing analysis

Need patient’s cooperation

Expenses

Low

High

Low

Level of comfort

Well tolerated in motor mapping

A little uncomfortable in language mapping

Invasive

Comfortable but can not be applied to claustrophobic patients