Number | Method | Sign | Sensitivity | Specificity | Accuracy | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | DSA | Residual stenosis after thrombectomy | Presumed 100% | Presumed 100% | Presumed 100% | Universally |
2 | DSA | Better collateral circulation | ||||
3 | DSA | Truncal-type occlusion | 53.1% | 88.5% | 84.2% | |
4 | DSA | Microcatheter first-pass effect | 90.9% | 87.2% | 88.5% | [22] |
5 | DSA | Tortuosity of occluded arteries | [23] | |||
6 | Histories and presentations | Ipsilateral intermittent claudication or symptoms related to TIA | [1] | |||
7 | Histories and presentations | Higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking; the lower prevalence of atrial fibrillation | [5] | |||
8 | Histories and presentations | Lower NIHSS | ||||
9 | Histories and presentations | Carotid bruit | [31] | |||
10 | Histories and presentations | Brachial pulse pressure | [32] | |||
11 | Plain CT scan | High-density plaques | 61.5% | 68.3% | 70.0% | [33] |
12 | Plain CT scan | Lower ASPECTS | ||||
13 | CTP | Smaller core infarction area | [38] | |||
14 | CTA | Poorer overall vascular condition | ||||
15 | CTA | Better collateral circulation (grades 2-4) | 33.6% | 89.3% | 45.9% | |
16 | CTA | Without multi-segment clot sign | 32.5% | 94.6% | 56.2% | [47] |
17 | CTA | Truncal-type occlusion | 53.1% | 88.5% | 84.2% | [21] |
18 | CTA | Occlusion located at proximal M1 or proximal or middle BA | ||||
19 | CTA | Shrinkage of artery proximal to the occlusion site | ||||
20 | DWI | Lower infarct volume | [39] | |||
21 | DWI | Core infarction located at deep part of the brain | 93.3% | 87.5% | 88.5% | [40] |
22 | MRA | Similar to CTA | ||||
23 | vwMRI | Decreased blood lumen area | [63] | |||
24 | vwMRI | Vessel wall enhancement | [64] | |||
25 | vwMRI | Vessel wall “white snake sign,” narrowed of both inner and outer wall, concentric enhancement, thickening of wall | [65] | |||
26 | vwMRI | Positive remodeling at the occlusion site | [67] | |||
27 | SWI | Overestimation ratio of SVS ≤ 2.003 | 97.1% | 91.3% | 93.9% | |
28 | Laboratory examination | Higher homocysteine level | [70] | |||
29 | Laboratory examination | Increased serum aldosterone level | [71] | |||
30 | Ultrasonography | Vascular stenosis | [73] | |||
31 | IVUS | Lumen stenosis | [74] |