Fig. 3From: Endoscopically controlled surgery with open hemilaminectomy for the treatment of intradural extramedullary tumors: an operative technique and short-term outcomes of 20 consecutive casesPreoperative and postoperative evaluation of VAS for patients who had a preoperative pain. Evaluation of VAS showed that the pain was relieved in each patient. The paired t test demonstrated that there was a significant decline in postoperative VAS (P < 0.001)Back to article page