Table 1 Review of the localization method of spinal extradural meningeal cysts
From: How to locate the dural defect in a spinal extradural meningeal cyst: a literature review
Localization method | Signs | Authors |
|---|---|---|
Spinal routine examination | Plain radiography: obvious enlargement of intervertebral foramina and interpedicle distance | Lee et al., Xu et al. |
CT: severe scalloping changes on the posterior edge of the vertebral body | Lee et al., Xu et al. | |
MRI: flow void, dominant cyst laterality in axial view, segment with the largest cyst area in axial MRI, middle segment of the cyst in sagittal MRI | Lee et al., Xu et al., Özdemir et al., Lee et al., Paredes et al. | |
None real-time contrast examination | Myelography: narrow enhancement area between the subarachnoid space and the cyst | Congia et al., Neo et al. |
CT myelography: narrow enhancement area between the subarachnoid space and the cyst, site where the contrast agent first fills the cyst | Lee et al., Ball et al., Funao et al., Liu et al., DiSclafani et al., Morizane et al., Tanaka et al. | |
MRI myelography: flow void | Miyamoto et al. | |
Digital subtraction contrast examination | Digital subtraction cystography: site where the contrast agent first fills the subarachnoid space from the cyst; verify and determine the laterality in the frontal view | Gu et al. |
Two-needle puncture digital subtraction myelography technology: site where the contrast agent first fills the cyst | Ying et al. | |
Digital subtraction myelography: site where the contrast agent first fills the cyst | Lee et al. | |
Special MRI | Cine MRI: flow void | Neo et al., Funao et al., Morizane et al. |
Steady-state image construction interference sequence (CISS) MRI: communication between the subarachnoid space and the cyst | Nakagawa et al. | |
Time-spatial labeling inversion pulse (T-SLIP) MRI: hyperintense signal CSF flow from the subarachnoid space into a hypointense signal cyst | Ishibe et al. | |
Intraoperative method | Neuroendoscopy: endoscopic findings revealed a dural fistula | Funao et al., Ying et al. |
Intraoperative ultrasound: pulsating cerebrospinal fluid inflow; inner wall of the cyst continued to swell and collapse | Kanetaka et al., Morizane et al. | |
Intraoperative sequential dynamic MRI myelography: site with irregular multilobulated morphology | Mishra et al. |