Table 2 Demographic characteristics of the patients

Diagnostic yield (%)

149 (100)

2789 (71.84)

Age (means ± standard)

50.72 ± 18.92

47.77 ± 18.22

0.055

Sex (%)

0.790

  Male

93 (62.42)

1936 (63.54)

  Female

56 (37.58)

1111 (36.46)

Location (%)

 < 0.001*

  Superficial

33 (22.15)

1825 (59.89)

  Deep-seated

116 (77.85)

1222 (40.11)

0.092

   Brainstem

21 (18.10)

313 (25.61)

   Other

95 (81.90)

909 (74.39)

Concomitant edema and enhancement on MR imaging (%)

0.009*

  Yes

85 (57.05)

1496 (49.10)

  No

64 (42.95)

1700 (50.90)

Enhancement on MR imaging alone (%)

0.220

  Yes

115 (77.18)

2047 (67.18)

  No

44 (22.82)

990 (32.82)

Hypertension (%)

0.538

  Yes

6 (4.03)

158 (5.19)

  No

143 (95.97)

2899 (94.81)

Intraoperative hypertension without a past history

0.036

  Yes

14 (9.40)

153 (5.02)

  No

135 (90.60)

2894 (94.98)

Antiplatelet treatment (%)

0.265

  Yes

8 (5.37)

111 (3.64)

  No

141 (94.63)

2936 (96.36)

Prolonged PT (%)

0.138

  Yes

10 (6.71)

127 (4.13)

  No

139 (93.29)

2947 (95.87)

Anesthesia (%)

0.871

  Local

140 (93.96)

2835 (93.04)

  General

9 (6.04)

212 (7.96)

Surgical method (%)

0.608

  Frame

102 (68.45)

2135 (70.06)

  Robot-assisted

28 (18.80)

484 (15.88)

  Navigation-assisted

19 (12.75)

428 (14.06)

Operator experience (%)

0.404

  Qualified neurosurgeons

67 (44.97)

1412 (46.34)

  Experienced neurosurgeons

82 (55.03)

1635 (53.66)

Histological grade of the lesion (%)

0.030*

  Benign

14 (9.40)

451 (14.80)

  Malignant

130 (87.25)

2381 (78.14)

  Uncertain

5 (3.35)

215 (7.06)

Pathology (%)

 < 0.001*

  High-grade glioma

95 (63.76)

1052 (34.53)

  Lymphoma

28 (16.78)

588 (19.30)

  Metastasis

2 (1.34)

99 (3.25)

  Nondiagnostic

5 (3.36)

253 (8.30)

  Others

19 (14.76)

1055 (34.62)