Laminectomy by craniotome for huge spinal extradural arachnoid cyst: a case report

Abstract

Background

Spinal extradural arachnoid cyst is extremely rare. The longest SEACs that have been reported in previous studies involved no more than 5 spinal segments. This study presents a case of SEAC diagnosed from T9 to L4 and excised through a novel laminectomy/laminoplasty.

Case presentation

A 22-year-old female presented with a 5-year history of progressive paraparesis and numbness in both lower limbs. MRI revealed posterolateral epidural cystic mass extending from T9-L4 with a length of 190 mm and width of 15 mm. The cyst was totally removed through surgery. The patient’s symptom was completely relieved 1 year after the surgery. There was no recurrence, compression on the spinal cord, or kyphotic deformity based on MRI and CT taken 1 year after.

Conclusion

Spinal extradural arachnoid cysts are relatively uncommon but surgically curable causes of myelopathy. For symptomatic patients, early surgical intervention is suggested for restoring neurological functions. Performing laminectomy by using crainotome is safe and efficient.

Background

Spinal extradural arachnoid cyst (SEAC) is a rare cause of compressive myelopathy [1–3]. This lesion is reported to develop in any location, however most commonly occurs in posterior or posterolateral thoracic spine to the thoracolumbar area [4, 5]. To our knowledge, SEAC usually relates with 2 to 5 spinal segments . The longest single SEAC reported involved 5 spinal segments [6]. In this article, we present a case of an extremely huge SEAC raging from T9-L4, which was excised by a novel surgical method in our center.

Meanwhile, we are expecting to introduce this novel technique of laminectomy/laminoplasty in the resection of SEAC with craniotome. The feasibility and availability of craniotome laminectomy/laminoplasty has not previously been thoroughly discussed in English literatures.

Case presentation

A 22-year-old female presented with a 5-year history of progressive paraparesis and numbness in both lower limbs complained of intermittent low back pain and urinary incontinence. She had no history of other illness, surgery, related trauma or family history of spine disease.

Neurologic physical examination showed weakness (power, 3/5) and hypesthesia in both lower limbs and hyporeflexivity of bilateral Achilles tendon reflexes. Spine MRI revealed posterolateral epidural cystic mass extending from T9-L4 with a length of 190 mm and width of 15 mm (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1

a. Sagittal thoracolumbar region T1-weighted showing a spinal extradural arachnoid cyst from T9-L4. b. Coronal lumbar T1-weighted MRI showing compression of the spinal cord by a posteriorly placed arachnoid cyst. c. Axial lumbar T2-weighted MRI

The patient underwent surgery in a prone position with an informed consent. We implemented an innovative laminectomy to expose the entire cyst, in which two small holes that would accommodate the top plate of craniotome were opened on the lamina of T9 with high-speed drill. Top plate was placed on the epidural space so that the convicting laminas could be removed entirely. Given the fact the cyst was abnormally large, firstly we removed the laminas from T10-T11 and skived laminas overlying the cyst. After assuring the cyst was intact and adequate hemostasis we removed the rest part of laminas (L1-3) with the same technique. The cyst was intact after laminoplasty (Fig. 2). After a delicate dissection between the dura and the cyst, a stalk of cyst from head-end was separated and carefully explored, with no nerve root involved in the cyst under microscopic observation. An oval-liked dural defect approximately 5 mm sized at the right posterolateral side of the dural sac at T11 level, from which colorless CSF-like fluid flowed out, was repaired with absorbable silk 5–0. Titanium cables were used for laminoplasty. The wound was closed in a watertight fashion.

Fig. 2

a. The removed laminas and spinal processes. b A spinal extradural arachnoid cyst was entirely exposed after laminectomy. The cyst was intact. c The cyst was entirely removed. The yellow arrows point to the part growing into intervertebral foramen

The patient’s symptom was completely relieved 1 year after the surgery. There was no recurrence, compression on the spinal cord, or kyphotic deformity based on MRI and CT taken 1 year after (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3

a Sagittal T1-weighted MRI taken one-year later postoperatively. b Thoracolumbar region CT taken one-year later postoperatively

Discussion

Arachnoid cyst is a benign lesion comprising about 1 % of spinal tumors and generally affects the thoracic region [1]. Clinical manifestation usually includes progressive spastic or flaccid paraparesis, sensory deficits, bowel incontinence and bladder incontinence [4, 5]. The severity of symptom depends basically on cyst size [4, 7]. The size of SEACs reported usually involves several spinal segments ranging from 3 to 5 [1, 4, 8, 9]. In our case, there were 8 segments related with the SECA, which might be the longest SEAC that have been reported up to now. The laminas became extremely thin because of the long-term compression. The patient also exhibited typical symptoms of myelopathy.

Several surgical options for treatment of SEAC have been proposed. The conventional laminectomy was performed by different tools such as bone osteotome or T-saw [1, 10, 11]. Those methods provide excellent exposure and allow available space for safe excision of lesions. However, those techniques usually take a long time and moreover, such a wide laminectomy can easily injure the cord or rupture the cyst. In addition, lack of laminoplasty sacrifices the protective role of the posterior elements [5]. In our case, we used craniotome to perform the laminectomy. The author has been using this technique for two years and successfully excised hundreds of spinal lesions. Based on our experience, the advantages include less bleeding, less operating time and better maintenance of spinal stability. Because of the protective plate on top of the craniotome, the risk of damage to the dura and the wall of cyst may be significantly decreased. The total operating time was two and a half hours and the blood loss was approximately 250 ml despite the immensity of the cyst. The cyst was intact after laminectomy, which could allow surgeon to identify anatomical structures easily and also be helpful to achieve the total resection.

The formation of epidural scar, especially the incidence of kyphotic deformity after conventional laminectomy has been reported to be 33–100 % [8, 11, 12]. Laminoplasty has been recommended to prevent these complications especially for cysts located on thoracic or lumbar spine [6, 11, 12], and also helps to avoid excessive posterior elements loss. Titanium mini-plates were used for stabilizing laminas into their original positions in laminectomy. However, in our case 12 titanium cables were used because the author believed titanium cables provided better undergoing tension compared to tianuim mini-plates [13]. There was no kyphotic deformity or compression on the spinal cord based on the MRI taken 1 year after the surgery, which might be the evidence supporting this viewpoint.

Conclusion

Spinal extradural arachnoid cysts are relatively uncommon but surgically curable causes of myelopathy. The clinical symptoms of SEACs were variable and progressed slowly. For symptomatic patients, early surgical intervention is suggested for restoring neurological functions. Performing laminectomy by using crainotome is safe and efficient.

Consent

Written, informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and accompanying images.